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After its historical contribution to the early internet in Europe in the 1980's, NLnet has been financially supporting the open internet since 1997.\r\n\r\n", "domain": "nlnet.nl", "favicon": 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Deadline June 1, 2025|||Apply for funding|||Projects we support|||News \u0026 events|||Support NLnet|||Welcome to NLnet Foundation|||We support organisations and people who contribute to an open internet for all. We fund projects that help fix the internet through open hardware, open software, open standards, open science and open data. After its historical contribution to the early internet in Europe in the 1980's, NLnet has been financially supporting the open internet since 1997.|||Projects we support|||NLnet has contributed funding to many important and very visible projects around fundamental standards from securing the core routing protocols and the domain name system of the internet to safer email, vendor-independent videoconferencing, more reliable wireless networks and private instant messaging - all based on open standards and verifiable open source software and/or hardware. It spawned the world-renowned NLnet Labs, and supported great open source projects like Jitsi, Peertube, WireGuard, NoScript, Tor Hidden Services, GPLv3, GNUnet, and CryptPad. And many more ....|||Active funds|||The goal of the NGI Zero Commons Fund is to reclaim the public nature of the internet. It is the widest in scope of the active funds and supports projects that help to deliver, mature and scale new and existing internet commons across the whole technology spectrum.|||Apply for funding|||NGI TALER is a pilot programme with the very concrete objective to roll out a new, best-in-class electronic payment system. It builds on the strong foundations of GNU Taler — the privacy-preserving digital payment system developed by the GNU community and Taler Systems SA.|||Apply for funding|||NGI Mobifree is a pilot programme specifically aimed at creating more ethical and human mobile software involving a number of Android-based open source efforts. Let's get beyond the status quo and create a virtuous cycle of innovation within and on top of the foundation of Mobifree.|||Apply for funding|||NGI Fediversity is a pilot programme focussing on bringing easy-to-use, hosted cloud services with service portability and personal freedom at their core to everyone. 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These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software (or free and open-source software) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free-software licenses are applied to software in source code and also binary object-code form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms.2|||Comparisonedit Types of software license and similar licenses. The highlighted columns are free software.|||Public domain \u0026 equivalents|||Permissive license|||Copyleft (protective license)|||Noncommercial license|||Proprietary license|||Trade secret|||Description|||Grants all rights|||Grants use rights, including right to relicense (allows proprietization, license compatibility)|||Grants use rights, forbids proprietization|||Grants rights for noncommercial use only. May be combined with copyleft.|||Traditional use of copyright; no rights need to be granted|||No information is made public|||Software|||Unlicense|||MIT, Apache, MPL|||GPL, AGPL|||JRL, AFPL|||proprietary software, no public license|||private, internal software|||Other creative works|||PD, CC0|||CC BY|||CC BY-SA|||CC BY-NC|||Copyright, no public license|||unpublished|||Free-software licenses provide risk mitigation against different legal threats or behaviors that are seen as potentially harmful by developers: Frequently used protective and permissive licenses|||AGPLv3|||GPLv3|||GPLv2|||LGPLv3|||LGPLv2.1|||MPL-2|||BSD|||SaaS/cloud|||Yes|||No|||No|||No|||No|||No|||No|||Tivoization|||Yes|||Yes|||No|||Yes|||No|||No|||No|||Patent trolling|||Yes|||Yes|||No|||Yes|||No|||No|||No|||Proprietization|||Yes|||Yes|||Yes|||Partial|||Partial|||Partial|||No|||Granularity / reach|||Project|||Project|||Project|||Library|||Library|||File|||—|||Trademark grant|||Yes|||Yes|||?|||Yes|||?|||No|||No|||Historyedit|||See also: History of free and open-source software|||Pre-1980sedit|||In the early times of software, sharing of software and source code was common in certain communities, for instance academic institutions. Before the US Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) decided in 1974 that \"computer programs, to the extent that they embody an author's original creation, are proper subject matter of copyright\",34 software was not considered copyrightable. Therefore, software had no licenses attached and was shared as public-domain software. The CONTU decision plus court decisions such as Apple v. Franklin in 1983 for object code, clarified that the Copyright Act gave computer programs the copyright status of literary works and started the licensing of software.|||Free-software licenses before the late 1980s were generally informal notices written by the developers themselves. These early licenses were of the \"permissive\" kind.|||1980sedit|||In the mid-1980s, the GNU project produced copyleft free-software licenses for each of its software packages. An early such license (the \"GNU Emacs Copying Permission Notice\") was used for GNU Emacs in 1985,5 which was revised into the \"GNU Emacs General Public License\" in late 1985, and clarified in March 1987 and February 1988.678 Likewise, the similar GCC General Public License was applied to the GNU Compiler Collection, which was initially published in 1987.910 The original BSD license is also one of the first free-software licenses, dating to 1988. In 1989, version 1 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) was published. Version 2 of the GPL, released in 1991, went on to become the most widely used free-software license.111213|||1990s to 2000sedit|||Starting in the mid-1990s and until the mid-2000s, the open-source movement pushed and focused the free-software idea forward in the wider public and business perception.14 In the Dot-com bubble time, Netscape Communications' step to release its webbrowser under a FOSS license in 1998,1516 inspired many other companies to adapt to the FOSS ecosystem.17 In this trend companies and new projects (Mozilla, Apache foundation, and Sun, see also this list) wrote their own FOSS licenses, or adapted existing licenses. This License proliferation was later recognized as problem for the Free and open-source ecosystem due to the increased complexity of license compatibility considerations.18 While the creation of new licenses slowed down later, license proliferation and its impact are considered an ongoing serious challenge for the free and open-source ecosystem.|||From the free-software licenses, the GNU GPL version 2 has been tested in to court, first in Germany in 2004 and later in the US. In the German case the judge did not explicitly discuss the validity of the GPL's clauses but accepted that the GPL had to be adhered to: \"If the GPL were not agreed upon by the parties, defendant would notwithstanding lack the necessary rights to copy, distribute, and make the software 'netfilter/iptables' publicly available.\" Because the defendant did not comply with the GPL, it had to cease use of the software.19 The US case (MySQL vs Progress) was settled before a verdict was arrived at, but at an initial hearing, Judge Saris \"saw no reason\" that the GPL would not be enforceable.20|||Around 2004 lawyer Lawrence Rosen argued in the essay Why the public domain isn't a license software could not truly be waived into public domain and can't be interpreted as very permissive FOSS license,21 a position which faced opposition by Daniel J. Bernstein and others.22 In 2012 the dispute was finally resolved when Rosen accepted the CC0 as open source license, while admitting that contrary to his previous claims copyright can be waived away, backed by Ninth circuit decisions.23|||In 2007, after years of draft discussion, the GPLv3 as major update of the GPLv2 was released. The release was controversial24 due to the significant extended scope of the license, which made it incompatible with the GPLv2.25 Several major FOSS projects (Linux kernel,2627 MySQL,28 BusyBox,2930 Blender,31 VLC media player32) decided against adopting the GPLv3. On the other hand, in 2009, two years after the release of the GPLv3, Google open-source programs office manager Chris DiBona reported that the number of open-source projects licensed software that had moved to GPLv3 from GPLv2 was 50%, counting the projects hosted at Google Code.33|||2010sedit|||In 2011, four years after the release of the GPLv3, 6.5% of all open-source licensed projects were GPLv3 while 42.5% were still GPLv2 according to Black Duck Software data.2734 Following in 2011 451 Group analyst Matthew Aslett argued in a blog post that copyleft licenses went into decline and permissive licenses increased, based on statistics from Black Duck Software.3536|||In 2015 according to Black Duck Software37 and GitHub statistics,38 the permissive MIT license dethroned the GPLv2 as most popular free-software license to the second place while the permissive Apache license follows already at third place. In June 2016 an analysis of Fedora Project's packages revealed as most used licenses the GPL, MIT, BSD, and the LGPL.39|||Definitionsedit|||OSI-approved open-source licensesedit|||Main article: Open-source license|||The group Open Source Initiative (OSI) defines and maintains a list of approved open-source licenses. OSI agrees with FSF on all widely used free-software licenses, but differ from FSF's list, as it approves against the Open Source Definition rather than the Free Software Definition. It considers Free Software Permissive license group to be a reference implementation of a Free Software license.[citation needed][clarification needed] Thus its requirements for approving licenses are different.|||FSF-approved free-software licensesedit|||The Free Software Foundation, the group that maintains the Free Software Definition, maintains a non-exhaustive list of free-software licences.40|||The Free Software Foundation prefers copyleft (share-alike) free-software licensing rather than permissive free-software licensing for most purposes. Its list distinguishes between free-software licenses that are compatible or incompatible with the FSF's copyleft GNU General Public License.|||Conditions in free-software licensesedit|||There exists an ongoing debate within the free-software community regarding the fine line between what restrictions can be applied and still be called \"free\".[citation needed]|||Only \"public-domain software\" and software under a public-domain-like license is restriction-free.[citation needed] Examples of public-domain-like licenses are, for instance, the WTFPL and the CC0 license. Permissive licenses might carry small obligations like attribution of the author but allow practically all code use cases. Certain licenses, namely the copyleft licenses, include intentionally stronger restrictions (especially on the distribution/distributor) in order to force derived projects to guarantee specific rights which can't be taken away.|||Copyleftedit|||Main article: copyleft|||The free-software share-alike licenses written by Richard Stallman in the mid-1980s pioneered a concept known as \"copyleft\". Ensuing copyleft provisions stated that when modified versions of free software are distributed, they must be distributed under the same terms as the original software. Hence they are referred to as \"share and share alike\" or \"quid pro quo\". This results in the new software being open source as well. Since copyleft ensures that later generations of the software grant the freedom to modify the code, this is \"free software\". Non-copyleft licenses do not ensure that later generations of the software will remain free.|||Developers who use GPL code in their product must make the source code available to anyone when they share or sell the object code. In this case, the source code must also contain any changes the developers may have made. If GPL code is used but not shared or sold, the code is not required to be made available and any changes may remain private. This permits developers and organizations to use and modify GPL code for private purposes (that is, when the code or the project is not sold or otherwise shared) without being required to make their changes available to the public.|||Supporters of GPL claim that by mandating that derivative works remain under the GPL, it fosters the growth of free software and requires equal participation by all users. Opponents of GPL claim41 that \"no license can guarantee future software availability\" and that the disadvantages of GPL outweigh42 its advantages. Some also argue that restricting distribution makes the license less free. Whereas proponents would argue that not preserving freedom during distribution would make it less free. For example, a non-copyleft license does not grant the author the freedom to see modified versions of his or her work if it gets publicly published, whereas a copyleft license does grant that freedom.|||Patent retaliationedit|||Further information: Patent retaliation|||During the 1990s, free-software licenses began including clauses, such as patent retaliation, in order to protect against software patent litigation cases – a problem which had not previously existed. This new threat was one of the reasons for writing version 3 of the GNU GPL in 2006.43 In recent years, a term coined tivoization describes a process where hardware restrictions are used to prevent users from running modified versions of the software on that hardware, in which the TiVo device is an example. It is viewed by the FSF as a way to turn free software to effectively non-free, and is why they have chosen to prohibit it in GPLv3.44 Most newly written free-software licenses since the late 1990s include some form of patent retaliation clauses. These measures stipulate that one's rights under the license (such as to redistribution), may be terminated if one attempts to enforce patents relating to the licensed software, under certain circumstances. As an example, the Apple Public Source License may terminate a user's rights if said user embarks on litigation proceedings against them due to patent litigation. Patent retaliation emerged in response to proliferation and abuse of software patents.|||Attribution, disclaimers and noticesedit|||The majority of free-software licenses require that modified software not claim to be unmodified. Some licenses also require that copyright holders be credited. One such example is version 2 of the GNU GPL, which requires that interactive programs that print warranty or license information, may not have these notices removed from modified versions intended for distribution.|||Practical problems with licensesedit|||License compatibilityedit|||License compatibility between common FOSS software licenses according to David A. Wheeler (2007): the vector arrows denote a one directional compatibility, therefore better compatibility on the left side (\"permissive licenses\") than on the right side (\"copyleft licenses\").45|||Main article: License compatibility|||Licenses of software packages containing contradictory requirements render it impossible to combine source code from such packages in order to create new software packages.46 License compatibility between a copyleft license and another license is often only a one-way compatibility.47 This \"one-way compatibility\" characteristic is, for instanced, criticized by the Apache Foundation, who provides the more permissive Apache license which doesn't have this characteristic.48 Non-copyleft licenses, such as the FOSS permissive licenses, have a less complicated license interaction and normally exhibit better license compatibility.4950 For example, if one license says \"modified versions must mention the developers in any advertising materials\", and another license says \"modified versions cannot contain additional attribution requirements\", then, if someone combined a software package which uses one license with a software package which uses the other, it would be impossible to distribute the combination because these contradictory requirements cannot be fulfilled simultaneously. Thus, these two packages would be license-incompatible. When it comes to copyleft software licenses, they are not inherently compatible with other copyleft licenses, even the GPLv2 is, by itself, not compatible with the GPLv3.2551|||Purpose of useedit|||Restrictions on use of a software (\"use restrictions\") are generally unacceptable according to the FSF, OSI, Debian, or the BSD-based distributions. Examples include prohibiting that the software be used for non-private applications, for military purposes, for comparison or benchmarking, for good use,[clarification needed] for ethically questionable means,52 or in commercial organizations.53 While some restrictions on user freedom, e.g. concerning nuclear war, seem to enjoy moral support among most free software developers,54 it is generally believed that such agendas should not be served through software licenses; among other things because of practical aspects such as resulting legal uncertainties and problems with enforceability of vague, broad and/or subjective criteria or because tool makers are generally not held responsible for other people's use of their tools. Nevertheless some projects include legally non-binding pleas to the user, prominently SQLite.55 Among the repeated attempts565758 by developers to regulate user behavior through the license that sparked wider debate are Douglas Crockford's (joking) “no evil” clause, which affected the release process of the Debian distribution in 201259 and got the JSMin-PHP project expelled from Google Code,60 the addition of a pacifist condition based on Asimov's First Law of Robotics to the GPL for the distributed computing software GPU in 2005,61 as well as several software projects trying to exclude use by big cloud providers.6263|||Definition conflictsedit|||As there are several defining organizations and groups who publish definitions and guidelines about FOSS licenses, notably the FSF, the OSI, the Debian project, and the BSDs, there are sometimes conflicting opinions and interpretations.|||Permissive versus copyleft opinionsedit|||This section may be unbalanced toward certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (July 2020)|||Many users and developers of BSD-based operating systems have a different position on licensing. The main difference is the belief that the copyleft licenses, particularly the GNU General Public License (GPL), are undesirably complicated and/or restrictive.64 The GPL requires any derivative work to also be released according to the GPL while the BSD license does not. Essentially, the BSD license's only requirement is to acknowledge the original authors, and poses no restrictions on how the source code may be used.|||As a result, BSD code can be used in proprietary software that only acknowledges the authors. For instance, Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 and macOS have proprietary IP stacks which are derived from BSD-licensed software.65 In extreme cases, the sub- or re-licensing possibilities with BSD or other permissive licenses might prevent further use in the open-source ecosystem. For instance, MathWorks' FileExchange repository offers the BSD license for user contributions but prevents with additional terms of use any usage beside their own proprietary MATLAB software, for instance with the FOSS GNU Octave software.666768|||Supporters of the BSD license argue that it is more free than the GPL because it grants the right to do anything with the source code, provided that the attribution is preserved. The approach has led to BSD code being used in widely used proprietary software. Proponents of the GPL point out that once code becomes proprietary, users are denied the freedoms that define free software.69 As a result, they consider the BSD license less free than the GPL, and that freedom is more than a lack of restriction. Since the BSD license restricts the right of developers to have changes recontributed to the community,[dubious – discuss] neither it nor the GPL is \"free\" in the sense of \"lacking any restrictions.\"|||Debianedit|||The Debian project uses the criteria laid out in its Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG). The only notable cases where Debian and Free Software Foundation disagree are over the Artistic License and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL). Debian accepts the original Artistic License as being a free software license, but FSF disagrees. This has very little impact however since the Artistic License is almost always used in a dual-license setup, along with the GNU General Public License.|||Controversial borderline casesedit|||The vast majority of free software uses undisputed free-software licenses; however, there have been many debates over whether or not certain other licenses qualify for the definition.|||Examples of licenses that provoked debate were the 1.x series of the Apple Public Source License, which were accepted by the Open Source Initiative but not by the Free Software Foundation or Debian and the RealNetworks Public Source License, which was accepted by Open Source Initiative and Free Software Foundation but not by Debian.|||Also, the FSF recommended GNU Free Documentation License,70 which is incompatible with the GPL,71 was considered \"non-free\" by the Debian project around 2006,72 Nathanael Nerode,73 and Bruce Perens.74 The FSF argues that documentation is qualitatively different from software and is subject to different requirements. Debian accepted, in a later resolution, that the GNU FDL complied with the Debian Free Software Guidelines when the controversial \"invariant section\" is removed, but considers it \"still not free of trouble\".75 Notwithstanding, most GNU documentation includes \"invariant sections\". Similarly, the FLOSS Manuals foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007, citing the incompatibility between the two, difficulties in implementing the GFDL, and the fact that the GFDL \"does not allow for easy duplication and modification\", especially for digital documentation.76|||SLUC is a software license published in Spain in December 2006 to allow all but military use. The writers of the license maintain it is free software, but the Free Software Foundation says it is not free because it infringes the so-called \"zero freedom\" of the GPL, that is, the freedom to use the software for any purpose.77|||Market shareedit|||While historically the most widely used FOSS license has been the GPLv2, in 2015, according to Black Duck Software37 the permissive MIT license dethroned the GPLv2 to the second place while the permissive Apache License follows at third place. A study from 2012, which used publicly available data, criticized Black Duck Software for not publishing their methodology used in collecting statistics.78 Daniel German, professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Victoria in Canada, presented a talk in 2013 about the methodological challenges in determining which are the most widely used free-software licenses, and showed how he could not replicate the result from Black Duck Software.79|||A GitHub study in 2015 on their statistical data found that the MIT license was the most prominent FOSS license on that platform.38|||In June 2016 an analysis of the Fedora Project's packages showed as most used licenses the GPL family, followed by MIT, BSD, the LGP family, Artistic (for Perl packages), LPPL (for texlive packages), and ASL. The GNU GPLv2+ was the single most popular license39|||See alsoedit|||Free and open-source software portal|||Comparison of free and open-source software licenses|||Developer Certificate of Origin|||End-user license agreement|||License-free software|||List of free-content licences|||Public domain|||Software license|||Notesedit|||^ Wheeler, David A. (2015). \"The fight for freedom\". Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2016.|||^ Hancock, Terry (29 August 2008). \"What if copyright didn't apply to binary executables?\". Free Software Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.|||^ Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corporation Puts the Byte Back into Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Golden Gate University Law Review Volume 14, Issue 2, Article 3 by Jan L. Nussbaum (January 1984)|||^ Lemley, Menell, Merges and Samuelson. Software and Internet Law, p. 34.|||^ \"GNU Emacs Copying Permission Notice (1985)\". GitHub. Retrieved 8 November 2015.|||^ \"GPLv3 - Transcript of Richard Stallman from the third international GPLv3 conference, Barcelona; 2006-06-22 - FSFE\". Retrieved 15 July 2021.|||^ Rubin, Paul (12 December 1985). \"Montgomery EMACS : when did it leave the Public Domain ?\". Newsgroup: net.emacs. The latter is covered by the GNU Emacs General Public License, which says that sources of anything using it must be available for free to everyone.|||^ \"Free Software - GPL Enforcement\". Tech Insider. Retrieved 1 May 2015.|||^ \"GCC Releases\". Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ \"GPLv3 - Transcript of Richard Stallman from the second international GPLv3 conference, Porto Alegre, Brazil; 2006-04-21\". Fsfe - Free Software Foundation Europe. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ Mark (8 May 2008). \"The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation\". socializedsoftware.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015. GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 58.69% GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 11.39% Artistic License (Perl) 7.46% BSD License 6.50% Apache License 2.0 2.92% MIT License 2.58% GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 1.64% Mozilla Public License (MPL) 1.1 1.37% Common Public License 0.83% zlib/lippng License 0.64%|||^ David A. Wheeler. \"Estimating Linux's Size\".|||^ \"SourceForge.net: Software Map\". Dwheeler.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2008. License -\u003e OSI: […] GNU General Public License (GPL) (32641 projects), GNU Library or Lesser General Public License (LGPL) (4889 projects of 45727, 82.1%)|||^ Kelty, Christpher M. (2008). \"The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits\" (PDF). Duke University press - durham and london. p. 99. Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.|||^ \"Netscape Announces Plans to Make Next-Generation Communicator Source Code Available Free on the Net\". Netscape Communications Corporation. 22 January 1998. Archived from the original on 1 April 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2013. Bold move to harness creative power of thousands of internet developers; company makes Netscape Navigator and Communicator 4.0 immediately free for all users, seeding market for enterprise and netcenter businesses|||^ \"MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., April 1 /PRNewswire/ -- Netscape Communications and open source developers are celebrating the first anniversary, March 31, 1999, of the release of Netscape's browser source code to mozilla.org\". Netscape Communications. 31 March 1999. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2013. ... the organization that manages open source developers working on the next generation of Netscape's browser and communication software. This event marked a historical milestone for the Internet as Netscape became the first major commercial software company to open its source code, a trend that has since been followed by several other corporations. Since the code was first published on the Internet, thousands of individuals and organizations have downloaded it and made hundreds of contributions to the software. Mozilla.org is now celebrating this one-year anniversary with a party Thursday night in San Francisco.|||^ Kelty, Christpher M. (2008). \"The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits\" (PDF). Duke University press - durham and london. p. 100. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement. The event that precipitated this attempted semantic coup d'état was the release of the source code for Netscape's Communicator Web browser. It's tough to overestimate the importance of Netscape to the fortunes of Free Software. […] But Netscape is far more famous among geeks for giving away something else, in 1998: the source code to Netscape Communicator (née Navigator).|||^ \"Report of License Proliferation Committee and draft FAQ\". Open Source Initiative. 12 December 2007.|||^ \"Groklaw - The German GPL Order - Translated\". Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ See Progress Software Corporation v. MySQL AB, 195 F. Supp. 2d 328 (D. Mass. 2002), on defendant's motion for preliminary injunction.|||^ Lawrence Rosen (25 May 2004). \"Why the public domain isn't a license\". rosenlaw.com. Retrieved 22 February 2016.|||^ Bernstein, Daniel J. (2004). \"Placing documents into the public domain\". Most rights can be voluntarily abandoned (\"waived\") by the owner of the rights. Legislators can go to extra effort to create rights that can't be abandoned, but usually they don't do this. In particular, you can voluntarily abandon your United States copyrights: \"It is well settled that rights gained under the Copyright Act may be abandoned. But abandonment of a right must be manifested by some overt act indicating an intention to abandon that right. See Hampton v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 279 F.2d 100, 104 (9th Cir. 1960).\"|||^ Lawrence Rosen (8 March 2012). \"(License-review) (License-discuss) CC0 incompliant with OSD on patents, (was: MXM compared to CC0)\". opensource.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016. The case you referenced in your email, Hampton v. Paramount Pictures, 279 F.2d 100 (9th Cir. Cal. 1960), stands for the proposition that, at least in the Ninth Circuit, a person can indeed abandon his copyrights (counter to what I wrote in my article) -- but it takes the equivalent of a manifest license to do so. :-) ... For the record, I have already voted +1 to approve the CC0 public domain dedication and fallback license as OSD compliant. I admit that I have argued for years against the \"public domain\" as an open source license, but in retrospect, considering the minimal risk to developers and users relying on such software and the evident popularity of that \"license\", I changed my mind. One can't stand in the way of a fire hose of free public domain software, even if it doesn't come with a better FOSS license that I trust more.|||^ Mark (8 May 2008). \"The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation\". socializedsoftware.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015. Currently the decision to move from GPL v2 to GPL v3 is being hotly debated by many open source projects. According to Palamida, a provider of IP compliance software, there have been roughly 2489 open source projects that have moved from GPLv2 to later versions.|||^ a b \"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses – Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?\". gnu.org. Retrieved 3 June 2014. No. Some of the requirements in GPLv3, such as the requirement to provide Installation Information, do not exist in GPLv2. As a result, the licenses are not compatible: if you tried to combine code released under both these licenses, you would violate section 6 of GPLv2. However, if code is released under GPL 'version 2 or later,' that is compatible with GPLv3 because GPLv3 is one of the options it permits.|||^ Kerner, Sean Michael (8 January 2008). \"Torvalds Still Keen On GPLv2\". internetnews.com. Retrieved 12 February 2015. In some ways, Linux was the project that really made the split clear between what the FSF is pushing which is very different from what open source and Linux has always been about, which is more of a technical superiority instead of a -- this religious belief in freedom,\" Torvalds told Zemlin. So, the GPL Version 3 reflects the FSF's goals and the GPL Version 2 pretty closely matches what I think a license should do and so right now, Version 2 is where the kernel is.|||^ a b Byfield, Bruce (22 November 2011). \"7 Reasons Why Free Software Is Losing Influence: Page 2\". Datamation.com. Retrieved 23 August 2013. At the time, the decision seemed sensible in the face of a deadlock. But now, GPLv2 is used for 42.5% of free software, and GPLv3 for less than 6.5%, according to Black Duck Software.|||^ \"MySQL changes license to avoid GPLv3\". Computer business review online. 4 January 2007. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2016.|||^ corbet (1 October 2006). \"Busy busy busybox\". lwn.net. Retrieved 21 November 2015. Since BusyBox can be found in so many embedded systems, it finds itself at the core of the GPLv3 anti-DRM debate. […] The real outcomes, however, are this: BusyBox will be GPLv2 only starting with the next release. It is generally accepted that stripping out the \"or any later version\" is legally defensible, and that the merging of other GPLv2-only code will force that issue in any case.|||^ Landley, Rob (9 September 2006). \"Re: Move GPLv2 vs v3 fun...\" lwn.net. Retrieved 21 November 2015. Don't invent a straw man argument please. I consider licensing BusyBox under GPLv3 to be useless, unnecessary, overcomplicated, and confusing, and in addition to that it has actual downsides. 1) Useless: We're never dropping GPLv2.|||^ Prokoudine, Alexandre (26 January 2012). \"What's up with DWG adoption in free software?\". libregraphicsworld.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2015. Blender is also still 'GPLv2 or later'. For the time being we stick to that, moving to GPL 3 has no evident benefits I know of.|||^ Denis-Courmont, Rémi. \"VLC media player to remain under GNU GPL version 2\". videolan.org. Retrieved 21 November 2015. In 2001, VLC was released under the OSI-approved GNU General Public version 2, with the commonly-offered option to use 'any later version' thereof (though there was not any such later version at the time). Following the release by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) of the new version 3 of its GNU General Public License (GPL) on the 29th of June 2007, contributors to the VLC media player, and other software projects hosted at videolan.org, debated the possibility of updating the licensing terms for future version of the VLC media player and other hosted projects, to version 3 of the GPL. ... There is strong concern that these new additional requirements might not match the industrial and economic reality of our time, especially in the market of consumer electronics. It is our belief that changing our licensing terms to GPL version 3 would currently not be in the best interest of our community as a whole. Consequently, we plan to keep distributing future versions of VLC media player under the terms of the GPL version 2.|||^ Asay, Matt (23 July 2009). \"GPLv3 hits 50 percent adoption | The Open Road - CNET News\". News.cnet.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.|||^ Proffitt, Brian (16 December 2011). \"GPL, copyleft use declining faster than ever\". ITworld. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2016.|||^ Proffitt, Brian (16 December 2011). \"GPL, copyleft use declining faster than ever - Data suggests a sharper rate of decline, which raises the question: why?\". IT world. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.|||^ Aslett, Matthew (15 December 2011). \"On the continuing decline of the GPL\". Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.|||^ a b \"Top 20 licenses\". Black Duck Software. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015. 1. MIT license 24%, 2. GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 23%, 3. Apache License 16%, 4. GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 9%, 5. BSD License 2.0 (3-clause, New or Revised) License 6%, 6. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 5%, 7. Artistic License (Perl) 4%, 8. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 3.0 2%, 9. Microsoft Public License 2%, 10. Eclipse Public License (EPL) 2%|||^ a b Balter, Ben (9 March 2015). \"Open source license usage on GitHub.com\". github.com. Retrieved 21 November 2015. 1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05%|||^ a b Anwesha Das (22 June 2016). \"Software Licenses in Fedora Ecosystem\". anweshadas.in. Retrieved 27 June 2016. From the above chart it is clear that the GPL family is the highest used (I had miscalculated it as MIT before).The other major licenses are MIT, BSD, the LGPL family, Artistic (for Perl packages), LPPL (foe texlive packages), ASL.|||^ \"Various Licenses and Comments about Them - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation\". Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ \"Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project\". Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ \"Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project\". Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ \"GPLv3 - Transcript of Richard Stallman from the fifth international GPLv3 conference, Tokyo, Japan; 2006-11-21\". Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ \"Richard Stallman discusses changes in GPLv3\". a new method of trying to deprive the users of freedom. In broad terms we refer to this as tivoization.|||^ Wheeler, David A. (27 September 2007). \"The Free-Libre / Open Source Software (FLOSS) License Slide\". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2015.|||^ \"How GPLv3 tackles license proliferation\". Archived from the original on 2 May 2013.|||^ LAURENT, Philippe (24 September 2008). \"The GPLv3 and compatibility issues\" (PDF). European Open source Lawyers Event 2008. University of Namur – Belgium. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2015. Copyleft is the main source of compatibility problems.|||^ Apache foundation (30 May 2015). \"GPL compatibility\". Retrieved 30 May 2015. Apache 2 software can therefore be included in GPLv3 projects, because the GPLv3 license accepts our software into GPLv3 works. However, GPLv3 software cannot be included in Apache projects. The licenses are incompatible in one direction only, and it is a result of ASF's licensing philosophy and the GPLv3 authors' interpretation of copyright law.|||^ Hanwell, Marcus D. (28 January 2014). \"Should I use a permissive license? Copyleft? Or something in the middle?\". opensource.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015. Permissive licensing simplifies things One reason the business world, and more and more developers […], favor permissive licenses is in the simplicity of reuse. The license usually only pertains to the source code that is licensed and makes no attempt to infer any conditions upon any other component, and because of this there is no need to define what constitutes a derived work. I have also never seen a license compatibility chart for permissive licenses; it seems that they are all compatible.|||^ \"Licence Compatibility and Interoperability\". Open-Source Software - Develop, share, and reuse open source software for public administrations. joinup.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015. The licences for distributing free or open source software (FOSS) are divided in two families: permissive and copyleft. Permissive licences (BSD, MIT, X11, Apache, Zope) are generally compatible and interoperable with most other licences, tolerating to merge, combine or improve the covered code and to re-distribute it under many licences (including non-free or 'proprietary').|||^ Landley, Rob. \"CELF 2013 Toybox talk\". landley.net. Retrieved 21 August 2013. GPLv3 broke \"the\" GPL into incompatible forks that can't share code.|||^ \"The HESSLA's Problems - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation\". Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ \"GPLv3 - Transcript of Richard Stallman from the third international GPLv3 conference, Barcelona; 2006-06-22\". Retrieved 19 March 2015.|||^ \"Censorship envy and licensing — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software\".|||^ \"Distinctive Features of SQLite\".|||^ \"A Peaceful Open Source License | Wise Earth Technology\".|||^ \"Non-military Use Only\".|||^ \"❌(REVERTED): Add text to MIT License banning ICE collaborators by jamiebuilds · Pull Request #1616 · lerna/Lerna\". GitHub.|||^ \"Evil, or why Douglas Crockford is harmful to Free Software\". 8 November 2012.|||^ \"JSMin isn't welcome on Google Code - wonko.com\". wonko.com. Retrieved 1 June 2024.|||^ \"Open source project adds \"no military use\" clause to the GPL\". 14 August 2006.|||^ \"Home\". commonsclause.com.|||^ \"The SSPL is Not an Open Source License | Open Source Initiative\". 19 January 2021.|||^ \"OpenBSD Copyright Policy\". the restriction that source code must be distributed or made available for all works that are derivatives […] As a consequence, software bound by the GPL terms cannot be included in the kernel or \"runtime\" of OpenBSD|||^ \"FreeBSD der unbekannte Riese\" (in German). 30 August 2023.|||^ \"terms of use\". Content that you submit must not directly compete with products offered by MathWorks. Content submitted to File Exchange may only be used with MathWorks products.|||^ \"File Exchange Licensing Transition FAQ\".|||^ \"Why can't I use code from File Exchange in Octave? It's released under a BSD license!\".|||^ \"Freedom or Power? by Bradley Kuhn and Richard Stallman\".|||^ \"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses: Why don't you use the GPL for manuals?\". Retrieved 20 June 2009.|||^ Braakman, Richard. \"Re: Proposed statement wrt GNU FDL\". Debian-legal (Mailing list).|||^ Srivastava, Manoj (2006). \"Draft Debian Position Statement about the GNU Free Documentation License (nerGFDL)\". Retrieved 25 September 2007. It is not possible to borrow text from a GFDL'd manual and incorporate it in any free software program whatsoever. This is not a mere license incompatibility. It's not just that the GFDL is incompatible with this or that free software license: it's that it is fundamentally incompatible with any free software license whatsoever. So if you write a new program, and you have no commitments at all about what license you want to use, saving only that it be a free license, you cannot include GFDL'd text. The GNU FDL, as it stands today, does not meet the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There are significant problems with the license, as detailed above; and, as such, we cannot accept works licensed under the GNU FDL into our distribution.|||^ Nerode, Nathanael (24 September 2003). \"Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL\". Archived from the original on 9 October 2003. Retrieved 7 November 2011.|||^ Bruce Perens (2 September 2003). \"stepping in between Debian and FSF\". lists.debian.org/debian-legal. Retrieved 20 March 2016. FSF, a Free Software organization, isn't being entirely true to the Free Software ethos while it is promoting a license that allows invariant sections to be applied to anything but the license text and attribution. FSF is not Creative Commons:the documentation that FSF handles is an essential component of FSF's Free Software, and should be treated as such. In that light, the GFDL isn't consistent with the ethos that FSF has promoted for 19 years.|||^ \"Resolution: Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian\". Debian Project. February–March 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2009.|||^ FLOSS Manuals Foundation (6 June 2007). \"License Change\". FLOSS Manuals Blog. FLOSS Manuals Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2009.|||^ \"Transcript of Richard Stallman at the 3nd international GPLv3 conference\". Free Software Foundation Europe. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2017.|||^ Sam Varghese (7 February 2012). \"GPL use in Debian on the rise: study\". Itwire.com. Retrieved 2 September 2013.|||^ \"Surveying open source licenses\". Lwn.net. Retrieved 2 September 2013.|||Referencesedit|||Rosen, Lawrence (22 July 2004). Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-148787-1.|||External linksedit|||Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: FOSS Licensing|||The Free Software Definition, by the Free Software Foundation.|||The Free Software Foundation's list of free and non-free licenses|||Debian's license information page|||Open Source Initiative's list of licenses|||Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing, by Andrew M. St. Laurent|||A 45-page licensing primer by Software Freedom Law Center|||show|||v|||t|||e|||Free and open-source software|||show|||v|||t|||e|||Intellectual property activism|||show|||v|||t|||e|||Software distribution|||Categories:|||Free and open-source software licenses|||Terms of service|||This page was last edited on 20 April 2025, at 15:34 (UTC).|||Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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AGPL terms will apply for the AGPL part in a combined work.25|||Website|||www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html|||The GNU Affero General Public License (GNU AGPL) is a free, copyleft license published by the Free Software Foundation in November 2007, and based on the GNU GPL version 3 and the Affero General Public License (non-GNU).|||It is intended for software designed to be run over a network, adding a provision requiring that the corresponding source code of modified versions of the software be prominently offered to all users who interact with the software over a network.6|||The Open Source Initiative approved the GNU AGPLv33 as an open source license in March 2008 after the company Funambol submitted it for consideration through its CEO Fabrizio Capobianco.7|||Historyedit|||In 2000, while developing an e-learning and e-service business model at Mandriva, Henry Poole met with Richard Stallman in Amsterdam and discussed the issue of the GPLv2 license not requiring Web application providers to share source code with the users interacting with their software over a network. Over the following months, Stallman and Poole discussed approaches to solve the problem. In 2001, Poole founded Affero Inc. (a web services business), and he needed a license that would require distribution by other organizations who used Affero code to create derivative web services. At that time, Poole contacted Bradley M. Kuhn and Eben Moglen of the Free Software Foundation to get advice on a new license that would resolve this matter in GPLv2.|||Around late February 2002, Kuhn suggested, based on the idea of a quine (a program that prints its own source code), that GPLv2 be supplemented with a section 2(d) that would require derivative works to maintain a \"download source\" feature that would provide complete and corresponding source code. Kuhn argued that there was precedent for such a requirement in GPLv2 section 2(c), which required preserving certain features by downstream distributors and modifiers.8|||Moglen and Kuhn wrote the text of the proposed new section 2(d), and provided it to Poole, who then requested and received permission from the FSF to publish a derivative of GPLv2 for this purpose. In March 2002, Affero, Inc. published the original Affero General Public License (AGPLv1) for use with the Affero project and made the new license available for use by other software-as-a-service developers.91011|||The FSF contemplated including the special provision of AGPLv1 into GPLv3 but ultimately decided to publish a separate license, nearly identical to GPLv3 but containing a provision similar in purpose and effect to section 2(d) of AGPLv1. The new license was named the GNU Affero General Public License. Retaining the Affero name indicated its close historic relationship with AGPLv1. The GNU AGPL was given version number 3 for parity with the GPL, and the current GNU Affero General Public License is often abbreviated AGPLv3.|||The finalized version of GNU AGPLv312 was published by the FSF on November 19, 2007.|||Compatibility with the GPLedit|||Both versions of the AGPL, like the corresponding versions of the GNU GPL on which they are based, are strong copyleft licenses. In the Free Software Foundation's judgment, the added requirement in section 2(d) of Affero GPL v1 made it incompatible with the otherwise nearly identical GPLv2. That is to say, one cannot distribute a single work formed by combining components covered by each license.|||By contrast, the GPLv3 and GNU AGPLv3 licenses include clauses (in section 13 of each license) that together achieve a form of mutual compatibility for the two licenses. These clauses explicitly allow the \"conveying\" of a work formed by linking code licensed under the one license against code licensed under the other license,13 despite the licenses otherwise not allowing relicensing under the terms of each other.2 In this way, the copyleft of each license is relaxed to allow distributing such combinations.2|||To establish an upgrade path from Affero's original AGPLv1 to the GNU AGPLv3, Affero, Inc. published the Affero General Public License version 2 in November 2007,14 which is merely a transitional license that allows recipients of software licensed under \"AGPLv1 or any later version as published by Affero, Inc.\" to distribute the software, or derivative works, under the GNU AGPLv3 or any later version.|||Examples of applications under GNU AGPLedit|||Main article: List of software under the GNU AGPL|||Stet was the first software system known to be released under the GNU AGPL, on November 21, 2007,8 and is the only known program to be used mainly for the production of its own license.|||Flask developer Armin Ronacher noted in 2013 that the GNU AGPL is a \"terrible success, especially among the startup community\" as a \"vehicle for dual commercial licensing\", and gave HumHub, MongoDB, Odoo, RethinkDB, Shinken, Slic3r, SugarCRM, and WURFL as examples.15|||MongoDB dropped the AGPL in late-2018 in favor of the \"Server Side Public License\" (SSPL), a modified version which requires those who offer the licensed software as a service accessible to third-parties, to make the entire source code of all software used to facilitate the service (including without limitation all \"management software, user interfaces, application program interfaces, automation software, monitoring software, backup software, storage software and hosting software, all such that a user could run an instance of the service using the Service Source Code you make available\") available under the same license.16 As approval for the SSPL by the Open Source Initiative was not forthcoming, the application for certification was withdrawn. It was banned by both Debian and the Fedora Project, who state that the license's intent is to discriminate against cloud computing providers offering services based on the software without purchasing its commercial license.[clarification needed]1718|||Software continues to be released under AGPLv3, various examples include many servers and clients for the fediverse such as Mastodon, Pixelfed and PeerTube, office suite software OnlyOffice, the RStudio IDE for the R programming language, system monitoring platform Grafana, the document/bibliography management system Zotero and more.|||Decentralized chat and collaboration software Element was relicensed from Apache 2.0 to both AGPLv3 and GPLv3, with a separate commercial license for Element Commercial.192021|||See alsoedit|||Free and open-source software portal|||List of software under the GNU AGPL|||Free-software license|||GNU General Public License|||GNU Lesser General Public License|||GNAT Modified General Public License|||GPL linking exception|||GNU Free Documentation License|||Comparison of free and open-source software licenses|||Referencesedit|||^ Jaspert, Joerg (November 28, 2008). \"ftp.debian.org: Is AGPLv3 DFSG-free?\". The Debian Project. Retrieved December 1, 2008.|||^ a b c d e \"Various Licenses and Comments about Them\". Free Software Foundation. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2021-01-03. We recommend that developers consider using the GNU AGPL for any software which will commonly be run over a network.|||^ a b \"OSI approved licenses\". Open Source initiative. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23.|||^ \"OSI approved\", Licenses, TL;DR legal, archived from the original on 2021-11-28, retrieved 2016-02-17.|||^ a b \"Licenses section 13\", GNU AGPLv3, GNU Project.|||^ \"Why the Affero GPL\". The GNU Project. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23.|||^ \"Funambol Helps New AGPLv3 Open Source License Gain Formal OSI Approval\" (Press release). Funambol. Mar 13, 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07.|||^ a b Kuhn, Bradley M. (November 21, 2007). \"stet and AGPLv3\". Software Freedom Law Center. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2008.|||^ \"Affero GPLv3: Why It Exists \u0026 Who It's For?\". ebb.org. Retrieved 2024-04-25.|||^ \"SCALE: The life and times of the AGPL [LWN.net]\". lwn.net. Retrieved 2024-04-25.|||^ \"Free Software Foundation Announces Support of the Affero General Public License, the First Copyleft License for Web Services\". Free Software Foundation. 2002-03-19. Retrieved 2021-01-03.|||^ \"License text of GNU AGPLv3\". Free Software Foundation (US). November 19, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-04. Retrieved November 19, 2007.|||^ \"GNU General Public License\". Free Software Foundation. 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2021-01-03.|||^ \"Affero General Public License\". November 2007. Archived from the original on 2019-11-23. Retrieved 2021-01-03.|||^ Ronacher, Armin (2013-07-23). \"Licensing in a Post Copyright World\". lucumr.pocoo.org. Archived from the original on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2015-11-18. The AGPLv3 was a terrible success, especially among the startup community that found the perfect base license to make dual licensing with a commercial license feasible. MongoDB, RethinkDB, OpenERP, SugarCRM as well as WURFL all now utilize the AGPLv3 as a vehicle for dual commercial licensing. The AGPLv3 makes that generally easy to accomplish as the original copyright author has the rights to make a commercial license possible but nobody who receives the sourcecode itself through the APLv3 inherits that right. I am not sure if that was the intended use of the license, but that's at least what it's definitely being used for now.|||^ \"Server Side Public License (SSPL)\". MongoDB. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2021-01-25.|||^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. \"MongoDB \"open-source\" Server Side Public License rejected\". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2019-01-17.|||^ \"MongoDB's licensing changes led Red Hat to drop the database from the latest version of its server OS\". GeekWire. 2019-01-16. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2019-01-17.|||^ \"Element Copyright License - AGPL 3.0\". Github. Retrieved 20 January 2025.|||^ \"Element Copyright License - GPL 3.0\". Github. Retrieved 20 January 2025.|||^ \"Element Copyright License - Commercial License\". Github. Retrieved 20 January 2025.|||External linksedit|||Official website|||GNU Affero General Public License v3.0|||Smith, Brett (November 19, 2007). \"Free Software Foundation Releases GNU Affero General Public License Version 3\" (Press release).|||Smith, Brett (March 29, 2007), GPLv3 and Software as a Service – also includes info on version 2 of the Affero GPL.|||Kuhn, Bradley M. (March 19, 2002). \"Free Software Foundation Announces Support of the Affero General Public License, the First Copyleft License for Web Services\" (Press release).|||Internet Archive 2018 snapshot of AGPL Frequently Asked Questions Affero|||Internet Archive 2018 snapshot of AGPL text Affero|||show|||v|||t|||e|||GNU Project|||show|||v|||t|||e|||Free Software Foundation|||Categories:|||Free Software Foundation|||Free and open-source software licenses|||Computer law|||Copyleft software licenses|||GNU Project|||Copyleft|||This page was last edited on 7 April 2025, at 16:08 (UTC).|||Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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"tags": [ { "id": 5, "created_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.496800641Z", "updated_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.496800641Z", "deleted_at": null, "text": "free software", "bookmarks": null }, { "id": 14, "created_at": "2025-05-08T13:32:57.497130706Z", "updated_at": "2025-05-08T13:32:57.497130706Z", "deleted_at": null, "text": "license", "bookmarks": null } ], "snapshots": [ { "id": 9, "created_at": "2025-05-08T13:32:57.517160503Z", "updated_at": "2025-05-08T13:32:57.643896796Z", "deleted_at": null, "title": "", "key": "1a7bffb3d3200eb1b6dbf9be0d83788e6cad4fb0f60e61843de59bf8021c007d", "text": "Free Software Supporter:|||JOIN THE FSF|||GNU Operating System Supported by the Free Software Foundation|||ABOUT GNU|||PHILOSOPHY|||LICENSES|||EDUCATION|||SOFTWARE|||DISTROS|||DOCS|||MALWARE|||HELP GNU|||AUDIO \u0026 VIDEO|||GNU ART|||FUN|||GNU'S WHO?|||SOFTWARE DIRECTORY|||HARDWARE|||SITEMAP|||GNU Affero General Public License|||Skip to license text|||Why the Affero GPL|||Frequently Asked Questions|||How to use GNU licenses for your own software|||Translations of the GNU AGPL|||The GNU AGPL in other formats: plain text, Docbook, LaTeX, standalone HTML, Texinfo, Markdown, ODF, RTF|||GNU AGPL logos to use with your project|||What to do if you see a possible GNU AGPL violation|||GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE|||Version 3, 19 November 2007|||Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. \u003chttps://fsf.org/\u003e Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.|||Preamble|||The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works, specifically designed to ensure cooperation with the community in the case of network server software.|||The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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The GNU General Public License permits making a modified version and letting the public access it on a server without ever releasing its source code to the public.|||The GNU Affero General Public License is designed specifically to ensure that, in such cases, the modified source code becomes available to the community. It requires the operator of a network server to provide the source code of the modified version running there to the users of that server. Therefore, public use of a modified version, on a publicly accessible server, gives the public access to the source code of the modified version.|||An older license, called the Affero General Public License and published by Affero, was designed to accomplish similar goals. 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This alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b.|||d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party) that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.|||e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no charge under subsection 6d.|||A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object code work.|||A \"User Product\" is either (1) a \"consumer product\", which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, \"normally used\" refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.|||\"Installation Information\" for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.|||If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).|||The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network.|||Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying.|||7. Additional Terms.|||\"Additional permissions\" are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions.|||When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.|||Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:|||a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or|||b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or|||c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in reasonable ways as different from the original version; or|||d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or authors of the material; or|||e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or|||f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors.|||All other non-permissive additional terms are considered \"further restrictions\" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.|||If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.|||Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.|||8. Termination.|||You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).|||However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.|||Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.|||Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.|||9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.|||You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.|||10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.|||Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.|||An \"entity transaction\" is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.|||You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.|||11. Patents.|||A \"contributor\" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's \"contributor version\".|||A contributor's \"essential patent claims\" are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, \"control\" includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.|||Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.|||In the following three paragraphs, a \"patent license\" is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To \"grant\" such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.|||If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. \"Knowingly relying\" means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.|||If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.|||A patent license is \"discriminatory\" if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.|||Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.|||12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.|||If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.|||13. Remote Network Interaction; Use with the GNU General Public License.|||Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, if you modify the Program, your modified version must prominently offer all users interacting with it remotely through a computer network (if your version supports such interaction) an opportunity to receive the Corresponding Source of your version by providing access to the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge, through some standard or customary means of facilitating copying of software. This Corresponding Source shall include the Corresponding Source for any work covered by version 3 of the GNU General Public License that is incorporated pursuant to the following paragraph.|||Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the work with which it is combined will remain governed by version 3 of the GNU General Public License.|||14. Revised Versions of this License.|||The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU Affero General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.|||Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU Affero General Public License \"or any later version\" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU Affero General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.|||If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU Affero General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.|||Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.|||15. Disclaimer of Warranty.|||THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM \"AS IS\" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.|||16. Limitation of Liability.|||IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.|||17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.|||If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.|||END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS|||How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs|||If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.|||To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the \"copyright\" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. \u003cone line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.\u003e Copyright (C) \u003cyear\u003e \u003cname of author\u003e This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program. If not, see \u003chttps://www.gnu.org/licenses/\u003e.|||Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.|||If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer network, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to get its source. For example, if your program is a web application, its interface could display a \"Source\" link that leads users to an archive of the code. There are many ways you could offer source, and different solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the specific requirements.|||You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a \"copyright disclaimer\" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see \u003chttps://www.gnu.org/licenses/\u003e.|||“The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom. We defend the rights of all software users.”|||JOIN DONATE SHOP|||Please send general FSF \u0026 GNU inquiries to \u003cgnu@gnu.org\u003e. There are also other ways to contact the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent to \u003cwebmasters@gnu.org\u003e.|||Please see the Translations README for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.|||Copyright notice above.|||Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.|||Copyright Infringement Notification|||Updated: $Date: 2023/11/30 09:46:01 $", "bookmark_id": 9, "bookmark": { "id": 0, "created_at": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z", "updated_at": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z", "deleted_at": null, "url": "", "title": "", "notes": "", "domain": "", "favicon": "", "tags": null, "snapshots": null, "collection": null, "public": false, "unread": false, "user_id": 0 }, "size": 43254, "resources": null } ], "collection": null, "public": true, "unread": false, "user_id": 1 }, { "id": 2, "created_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.500127499Z", "updated_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.500127499Z", "deleted_at": null, "url": "https://www.fsf.org/", "title": "Front Page — Free Software Foundation — working together for free software", "notes": "The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom.\r\n\r\n", "domain": "www.fsf.org", "favicon": "data:image/vnd.microsoft.icon;base64,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", "tags": [ { "id": 4, "created_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.492625818Z", "updated_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.492625818Z", "deleted_at": null, "text": "fsf", "bookmarks": null }, { "id": 5, "created_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.496800641Z", "updated_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.496800641Z", "deleted_at": null, "text": "free software", "bookmarks": null } ], "snapshots": [ { "id": 2, "created_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:58.509312988Z", "updated_at": "2025-04-02T14:13:59.804611262Z", "deleted_at": null, "title": "", "key": "99e10c8031f28a7b46882ee32e6639557c685092ecd89ab3e4047cdb15d7e741", "text": "About|||Campaigns|||Licensing|||Membership|||Resources|||Community|||♥Donate♥|||Shop|||Search|||The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom.|||Featured|||\"Free\" filing should be free as in freedom|||Featured|||GNU Head, Stallman's katana, and Internet Hall of Fame medal auctioned off to free software community members|||Free software means that the users have the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. 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